Timeline of Every Civilization That Ruled the Land We Call Pakistan 🇵🇰 7000–3300 BCE — Mehrgarh Civilization • One of the world’s earliest farming cultures (Balochistan) 3300–1300 BCE — Indus Valley Civilization • Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Kot Diji — the world’s earliest urban system 1300–600 BCE — Early Tribal Kingdoms • Post-Indus local cultures 550–330 BCE — Persian Achaemenid Empire • Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan ruled by Darius & Cyrus 326–323 BCE — Alexander the Great • Battles at Jhelum, takes parts of Punjab & Sindh 322–185 BCE — Mauryan Empire • Chandragupta & Ashoka; Taxila flourishes 180 BCE–10 CE — Indo-Greek Kingdoms • Greek rule over Taxila, Swat, Punjab 10–75 CE — Scythians (Sakas) • Sindh & Punjab 75–100 CE — Parthians • Western Pakistan, Taxila stronghold 100–300 CE — Kushan Empire • All Pakistan; Peshawar capital under Kanishka 320–550 CE — Gupta Influence • Marginal rule in lower Punjab/Sindh 450–600 CE — White Huns • KPK & Punjab invasions 489–632 CE — Rai Dynasty (Sindh) • Local Hindu dynasty 632–712 CE — Brahman Dynasty • Raja Dahir’s rule in Sindh 712–750 CE — Umayyad Caliphate • Muhammad bin Qasim; first Islamic government 750–900 CE — Abbasid Influence • Governors in Sindh & Multan 900–1000 CE — Local Muslim Dynasties • Soomro, Habbarids (Sindh) 977–1186 CE — Ghaznavid Empire • Lahore becomes major center under Mahmud 1186–1206 CE — Ghorid Empire • Control of Punjab 1206–1526 CE — Delhi Sultanate • Mamluk → Khilji → Tughlaq → Lodhi rule 1526–1739 CE — Mughal Empire • Entire Pakistan; Lahore royal capital 1739 — Nader Shah (Persia) • Brief invasion 1747–1823 CE — Durrani (Afghan) Empire • KPK & Punjab 1799–1849 CE — Sikh Empire • Ranjit Singh controls Punjab 1843–1947 CE — British Empire • Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, NWFP 14 August 1947 — Pakistan • Birth of the modern nation-state 🇵🇰